Records from sources that allow only non-commercial use (Portugal’s Portal do Arqueólogo, MAEASaM, the Czech list of cultural monuments and the Yambol burial-mound survey) are on the map with credit but not in the download; the full credits and license terms are below.
Full source credits and license terms
Korea: designated dolmen, standing-stone, tumulus and rock-art sites from the Korea Heritage Service (국가유산청) open search API, queried September 23, 2026 (reuse terms being confirmed). India: monuments protected by the Archaeological Survey of India, through their Wikidata entries. Tumuli, cairns, rock art and desert kites: Wikidata tumulus, cairn and petroglyph items (CC0), and desert kites and related constructions from the Globalkites project: Crassard, R., Barge, O., Régagnon, E., Abu-Azizeh, W., Bouzid, S. & Brochier, J. (2025), Desert kites and related constructions, version 2, Zenodo, doi:10.5281/zenodo.14844953 (CC BY 4.0). OpenStreetMap: features tagged megalith_type, plus Korean and Japanese dolmens found by name; and, worldwide, every feature tagged as a megalith, tumulus, cairn, petroglyph, rock painting, geoglyph, grave field, shell midden or desert kite, and rock-cut, hypogeum, dolmen and kofun tombs, queried through the QLever OpenStreetMap endpoint (University of Freiburg) on September 23, 2026; and in Saudi Arabia the rock-cut tombs of Hegra and AlUla, mustatils, pendants, wheels, stone circles, kites and rock art by their archaeological tags, © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), downloaded September 23, 2026. Wikidata (CC0), 35 megalithic and mound classes, queried —. Ireland: Sites and Monuments Record, National Monuments Service, Government of Ireland (CC BY 4.0), megalithic, cairn, barrow, henge, rock-art and souterrain classes, and (from September 24, 2026) bullaun stones, pillar and holed stones, stone groups, ring ditches and burial mounds, and (from September 27, 2026, from the SMR open data) ogham stones, cross-inscribed stones and pillars, inscribed, decorated and holy stones and stone heads, ringforts, hillforts, promontory forts, crannogs and hut sites. England: © Historic England 2026, National Heritage List for England, scheduled monuments whose names identify a megalithic or earthwork form; contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2026 (Open Government Licence v3). Where a Wikidata item and a register record describe the same monument within 120–200 m they are merged, keeping the register’s coordinates and type. OpenStreetMap features are merged with an existing record when they carry the same Wikidata ID, or lie within 60 m with a compatible type. National registers added September 23, 2026: Northern Ireland Sites and Monuments Record, Department for Communities (Open Government Licence v3); Wales: Designated Historic Asset GIS Data, The Welsh Historic Environment Service (Cadw), licensed under the Open Government Licence; France: Mérimée, Ministère de la Culture, immeubles protégés au titre des monuments historiques (Licence Ouverte 2.0); Finland: Museovirasto, muinaisjäännösrekisteri (CC BY 4.0; the full register of 41,713 records was read again on September 24, 2026); Norway: Riksantikvaren, Kulturminner – Lokaliteter, Enkeltminner og Sikringssoner, via Geonorge (NLOD). From each, only megalithic and related forms were taken; cairns, mounds and rock art go to the layer of tumuli, cairns and rock art. OpenStreetMap: curated stone structures and rock-cut tombs in Egypt, the Levant, the Gulf, Iraq and Iran. Brazil: IPHAN, Cadastro Nacional de Sítios Arqueológicos, georeferenced sites from IPHAN’s public GeoServer (SICG), selected by name: geoglyphs, stone monuments and (from September 24, 2026) fixed grinding grooves (polidores, amoladores) in the main record, shell mounds (sambaquis), earth mounds and rock art in the layer (reuse terms being confirmed with IPHAN). Scotland: Scheduled Monuments, contains Historic Environment Scotland and Ordnance Survey data © Historic Environment Scotland – Scottish Charity No. SC045925 © Crown copyright and database right 2026 (Open Government Licence v3). Navarra: Gobierno de Navarra, IDENA, Bienes de Interés Cultural arqueológicos (CC BY 4.0): “Servicio proporcionado por el Gobierno de Navarra.” Estonia: Muinsuskaitseamet, Kultuurimälestiste register, archaeological monuments via the INSPIRE service of the Estonian Geoportal (no conditions apply). OpenStreetMap, by name: features whose names identify a dolmen, menhir, stone circle, nuraghe, talaiot, taula, kofun, kurgan or tumulus in a dozen languages, though not tagged as such (queried September 24, 2026). England, aerial mapping: Historic England Aerial Investigation and Mapping data (Open Government Licence), prehistoric barrows, ring ditches, cairns, henges, cursus monuments, long barrows and causewayed enclosures mapped from aerial photographs. Japan: Miyagi Prefecture, 宮城県遺跡地図情報 (CC BY 4.0), kofun, shell mounds and rock-cut tomb groups (yokoana). Sweden: Riksantikvarieämbetets Kulturmiljöregister, 2026-09-24 (free to use, with credit to Riksantikvarieämbetet); ancient monuments (fornlämningar) and unassessed records, and from September 27, 2026 (register of that date) also possible ancient monuments, other cultural-historical remains, unconfirmed reports and destroyed or removed remains of the same kinds, each so noted, and hillforts (fornborgar): chamber tombs (dolmens, passage graves, gallery graves), cists, stone circles (domarringar), stone ships, standing stones, labyrinths, cup-marked stones, picture stones, grinding grooves and (from September 24, 2026) runestones standing in the open in the main record; stone settings, mounds, cairns, grave fields, rock carvings and runic inscriptions on bedrock in the layer. Wikidata: also every item whose class is a subclass of tumulus, cairn, petroglyph, megalith or megalithic tomb (bowl barrows, kofun, protonuraghi, troy towns and others), queried September 24, 2026. Scotland, full record: Canmore points, National Record of the Historic Environment, © Historic Environment Scotland (Open Government Licence): prehistoric and undated forms, forts, duns, brochs, crannogs and hut circles, and (from September 27, 2026) records marked “possible” (so noted) and early medieval ogham, symbol, cross-marked and inscribed stones. Wales, full record: “This site data is from the National Monuments Record of Wales (NMRW), produced by the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales (RCAHMW). © Crown Database Right: RCAHMW, licensed under the Open Government Licence 3.0.” Flanders: Onroerend Erfgoed, Inventaris Onroerend Erfgoed (Modellicentie Gratis Hergebruik), tumuli and barrow groups. Netherlands: Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed, rijksmonumenten described as hunebeds, barrows or urnfields (CC0). Iraq: ziggurats and rock reliefs from Wikidata (CC0). Southwestern Amazonia: Kalliola, R., Pärssinen, M., Ranzi, A., Seppä, I. & Barbosa, A. D. (2024), List of ancient geometric earthworks in southwestern Amazonia, University of Turku, doi:10.23729/31c411bf-5d94-4cfc-be06-006c16a5c309 (CC BY 4.0), the data for Kalliola et al. (2024), “Geography of ancient geometric earthworks and their builders in southwestern Amazonia”, Acta Amazonica 54: e54hu22351; 1,279 structures, sent by Martti Pärssinen; merged with IPHAN and OpenStreetMap records within 150 m. Denmark: the monuments of the Danish register (Fund og Fortidsminder) that Wikidata holds under the Danish ancient monument ID (P3596), CC0, taken by class: dolmens, passage graves, long barrows, standing stones (bautasten), stone settings, stone ships and cists in the main record, barrows and grave cairns in the layer. USA: National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places locations; only records whose locations are public are included, which leaves out most archaeological sites. Brittany: DRAC Bretagne, Service régional de l’archéologie, “Carte archéologique nationale – État de la connaissance archéologique en Bretagne” (state of knowledge as of January 27, 2014), via GéoBretagne, Licence Ouverte; menhirs, menhir groups, dolmens, gallery graves (allées couvertes), cists, Iron Age stelae and souterrains in the main record, tumuli and funerary enclosures in the layer; merged with existing records within 150 m, or within 500 m when the names agree. Japan: Hokkaido, 埋蔵文化財包蔵地 GIS data (北海道オープンデータポータル, CC BY 4.0): stone circles (環状列石), stone arrangements (配石遺構) and circular embankment graves (周堤墓) in the main record; shell mounds and prehistoric graves in the layer (Ainu-period graves left out). Italy: Ministero della Cultura, Istituto Centrale per l’Archeologia, Geoportale Nazionale per l’Archeologia (GNA), MOSI site records published as open data through the GNA’s WFS service (downloaded September 24, 2026): nuraghi, giants’ tombs, domus de janas, sacred wells, dolmens, menhirs, statue-stelae, specchie, cup-marked rocks and prehistoric rock-cut tombs in the main record; rock art and prehistoric tumuli in the layer. Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly: Cornwall Council, Historic Buildings, Sites and Monuments Record (the Cornwall and Scilly Historic Environment Record), through the council’s INSPIRE service, Open Government Licence; prehistoric and undated monuments, and (from September 27, 2026) records marked uncertain (so noted), rounds, hut circles, courtyard houses, hillforts, cliff castles and inscribed stones: standing stones, entrance graves, chambered tombs, stone circles, stone settings, cists, holed and cup-marked stones, fogous, henges and tor enclosures in the main record; barrows and cairns in the layer. Slovenia: Ministrstvo za kulturo, Register nepremične kulturne dediščine (CC BY 4.0), barrows and barrow cemeteries (gomile, gomilna grobišča), in the layer. Aragón: Gobierno de Aragón, IDEAragon, Bienes de Interés Cultural, rock-art shelters (CC BY 4.0), in the layer. Egypt and Sudan (September 24, 2026): ancient Egyptian and Nubian tombs, pyramids and necropoleis from OpenStreetMap (the Theban necropolis, Aswan, the Memphite necropolis, Amarna, Abydos, Meroe, Nuri and El-Kurru), © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL). EAMENA: Endangered Archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa (EAMENA) Database, University of Oxford and University of Southampton, database.eamena.org, read with researcher access on September 24, 2026 (CC BY 4.0): heritage places in North Africa, the Levant and northwest Arabia interpreted as dolmens, megalithic features, standing or upright stones, pyramids and ringed tombs (main record), and as tombs or graves, cemeteries, cairns, mounds, pendants and large circles (layer). Across the whole EAMENA region (including Arabia, Yemen, the Levant and Iraq), heritage places interpreted as dolmens, megalithic features, standing or upright stones, large circles and pyramids were added the same day. EAMENA withholds exact locations from the public to protect sites from looting, so these points are rounded to about 1 km. Southwest Amazonia, lidar: Pärssinen, M. et al. (2026), “Over 20,000 precolonial earthworks in the Southwest Amazonia”, Nature, doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10835-7, Supplementary Table 2 (CC BY 4.0): 406 earthworks found in airborne lidar data outside Indigenous territories, included with the authors’ permission. Granada: Cabrero González, C., Cámara, J. A., Esquivel, F. J., Spanedda, L. & Garrido Almonacid, A., “A geographical dataset of the Gor River megalithic landscape”, Journal of Open Archaeology Data, data on Zenodo, doi:10.5281/zenodo.10049759 (CC BY 4.0): 151 dolmens of the Gorafe and Gor necropoleis, 78 new and 73 merged with existing records. Sudan: Costanzo, S., Brandolini, F., Ahmed, H., Zerboni, A. & Manzo, A., 783 tumuli of the Kassala region mapped for “Creating the funerary landscape of Eastern Sudan”, PLOS ONE (2021), data on Zenodo, doi:10.5281/zenodo.4384807 (CC BY 4.0), in the layer. Added September 24, 2026: Japan: Kumamoto Prefecture, 熊本県遺跡地図 (Kumamoto Data Linkage Platform data catalog, CC BY): rock-cut tomb groups (yokoana) and dolmens (支石墓) in the main record; kofun, box-shaped stone cists and shell mounds in the layer. Basque Country: Eusko Jaurlaritza / Gobierno Vasco, Patrimonio Cultural del País Vasco (Ondarea), geoEuskadi (CC BY 4.0): dolmens, cromlechs (baratzak), menhirs and cists in the main record, tumuli in the layer; merged with existing records within 100 m. Castilla y León: Junta de Castilla y León, “Patrimonio Cultural CyL: yacimientos arqueológicos” (IDECyL; free use with attribution to the Junta de Castilla y León): the sites whose names identify a dolmen, megalithic tomb, menhir or tumulus. Serra do Laboreiro: Lima e Silva, D., Carrero-Pazos, M., Lara-Piñera, F., Fonte, J. & Vilas-Estévez, B. (2026), data for “Spatial insights of the tumular phenomenon in Serra do Laboreiro region (NW Iberian Peninsula)”, Zenodo, doi:10.5281/zenodo.19239670 (CC BY 4.0): 138 mounds checked against lidar, in the layer. Central Saudi Arabia: Wasfy, T. (2026), stone structures near Al Badi and Al Khashabi, Zenodo, doi:10.5281/zenodo.20157963 (CC BY 4.0): 381 points seen in satellite imagery and not checked in the field, recorded by form only (pendant, mustatil or other stone structure), in the layer. Portugal: Património Cultural, I.P., Portal do Arqueólogo, “Sítios Arqueológicos” (the Atlas of archaeological heritage for mainland Portugal, read through its public map service on September 24, 2026): antas (dolmens), megalithic monuments, menhirs, cromlechs, tholoi, cists, artificial caves and ditched enclosures in the main record; mamoas, rock art and shell middens in the layer. Licensed CC BY-NC 4.0: shown at their exact points with credit to Património Cultural, I.P. and each record’s CNS number, not for commercial reuse, and left out of the dataset download. Spain (Catalonia, province of Barcelona): Diputació de Barcelona, Mapes del Patrimoni Cultural (the municipal heritage maps of the province), open data API, dataset “Elements de patrimoni cultural”, read September 24, 2026 (CC BY 4.0): dolmens, cists, menhirs and other megaliths in the main record, chosen by name or where the record’s description says so; tumuli, rock engravings, cup-marked rocks and rock paintings in the layer. Malta: Superintendence of Cultural Heritage, National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands (public map service, read September 24, 2026), used to identify the megalithic temples, the Xagħra Stone Circle, the Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum and prehistoric rock-cut tombs by inventory number; their locations, and those of further Maltese temples and dolmens and of Cypriot rock-cut and built chamber tombs, are from Wikidata (CC0). Latvia: Nacionālā kultūras mantojuma pārvalde, list of state-protected cultural monuments (data.gov.lv, CC0 1.0): cult stones, cup-marked and footprint stones in the main record; cross stones and ancient burial grounds (senkapi) in the layer; the list has no coordinates, so locations are from Wikidata, matched by monument number. Australia (New South Wales): Heritage NSW, State Heritage Register (CC BY 4.0): stone fish traps in the main record, rock-art sites in the layer. France (Pays de la Loire): Région des Pays de la Loire, Inventaire du patrimoine (ODbL 1.0). Denmark: Slots- og Kulturstyrelsen, Fund og Fortidsminder, from the register download (CC0 1.0): every record of the kinds the Survey holds, protected or not; records without protection are marked “Destroyed or known from records.” Italy (Sardinia): Regione Autonoma della Sardegna, Piano Paesaggistico Regionale (2006), repertorio of landscape heritage, points, from Sardegna Geoportale (CC BY 4.0, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); prehistoric and nuragic monuments selected (from September 27, 2026 also records marked destroyed, so noted, nuragic villages, huts and settlements, and undated tombs), and coordinates converted from Monte Mario / Italy zone 1 to WGS84. Romania: Institutul Național al Patrimoniului, Repertoriul Arheologic Național (RAN, ran.cimec.ro, CC BY 4.0), with points from the national heritage map service; tumuli with precise coordinates. Added September 26, 2026: Taiwan: Bureau of Cultural Heritage, Ministry of Culture (Taiwan), 2026, National Cultural Heritage Database, Opendata API v2, Archaeological Sites (考古遺址). The Open Data is made available to the public under the Open Government Data License, version 1.0 (https://data.gov.tw/license). Designated sites whose records describe standing stones, monoliths, stone pillars, rock carvings or slate-slab cists. Netherlands: Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed, Archeologische Monumentenkaart (AMK 2014), CC BY 4.0: terrains with barrows not already in the Survey (layer) and the sites of two destroyed hunebeds, D54B and D54C (main record); each point lies inside a terrain that can hold more than one barrow. Terrains already in the Survey carry their AMK number. Lithuania: Kultūros paveldo departamentas prie Kultūros ministerijos, Valstybės duomenų agentūra: Nekilnojamųjų kultūros vertybių registras (KVR), CC BY 4.0: cup-marked stones, stones with carved signs and other protected stones in the main record; barrows, barrow cemeteries and old burial grounds in the layer; points lie inside the protected areas. Austria (Upper Austria): Bundesdenkmalamt / Land Oberösterreich (DORIS): BDA Archäologische Fundstellen und Bodendenkmale, CC BY 4.0: sites named as barrows or rock art, in the layer. Åland: Ålands landskapsregering (Kulturbyrån): Åland - Fornlämningar, CC BY 4.0: stone labyrinths, stone ships and stone circles in the main record; cairns, cairn and mound cemeteries and mounds in the layer. Slovakia: Archeologický ústav SAV: Centrálna evidencia archeologických nálezísk na Slovensku (CEANS), via the Geocloud platform (MŽP SR), CC BY 4.0: records whose kind of find or locality name names barrows, in the layer. Crete: Περιφέρεια Κρήτης (Region of Crete), Αρχαιολογικό Κτηματολόγιο, data from the Archaeological Cadastre of the Hellenic Ministry of Culture, CC BY 4.0: tholos tombs in the main record, Minoan and Mycenaean cemeteries in the layer. Italy: ICCD, Ministero della Cultura: Catalogo generale dei beni culturali (ArCo, dati.cultura.gov.it), CC BY 4.0: nuraghi, menhirs, a dolmen, rock-cut chamber tombs, the megalithic walls of Altamura, a stele, two nuragic villages and two caves (one cut into chambers, one with megalithic structures built at its entrance; natural caves that were only used are left out) not already in the Survey in the main record; rock art, tumuli, ring ditches and specchie in the layer; records that the catalogue places at a shared town point are among the approximate locations. La Palma: Cabildo Insular de La Palma, open data (opendatalapalma.es): elementos patrimonio insular (last updated February 27, 2024), reused under Spain’s reuse conditions (Ley 37/2007): cup-mark and channel sites in the main record; rock-engraving stations and stone heaps in the layer. Approximate locations from a register that gives no coordinates, placed at the point of the settlement it names: Croatia: Ministarstvo kulture i medija Republike Hrvatske: Registar kulturnih dobara (data.gov.hr), Otvorena dozvola: records named as tumuli or cairns, or whose description mentions them, and cemeteries with stećci (medieval carved tombstones). Settlement locations from GeoNames (geonames.org), CC BY 4.0. Ukraine (added September 26, 2026): Міністерство культури України: Державний реєстр нерухомих пам’яток України (State Register of Immovable Monuments of Ukraine, e-pamiatka.gov.ua), read through the register’s public map on September 26, 2026; an official register, not protected by copyright: barrows and barrow groups in the layer, and a cromlech, the “Mezhovi kameni” stones and Kamiana Mohyla in the main record; from September 28, 2026 also hillforts (horodyshche) at their exact points, and barrows whose names the register misspells. The register publishes exact points, and the Survey shows them as the register gives them. Added September 26, 2026 (later): Belarus: Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Belarus, State List of Historical and Cultural Values (heritage.gov.by), an official list: barrow cemeteries, kurgans and medieval stone-marked burial grounds in the layer, footprint, venerated, cup-marked and carved stones in the main record, and from September 28, 2026 hillforts and castle sites in the layer; points are the Ministry’s own, or the village a record names (GeoNames), shown with the approximate locations. Armenia: Government of the Republic of Armenia, State Lists of Immovable Historical and Cultural Monuments (arlis.am), official texts: rock art, vishaps, menhirs, dolmens, kurgans, prehistoric burial fields and tombs, placed at their community (GeoNames) with the approximate locations. Bulgaria: National Institute for Immovable Cultural Heritage (NINKN), lists of immovable cultural values by municipality (ninkn.bg), official lists: burial mounds, mound groups, settlement mounds (tells), chamber tombs, dolmens and rock-cut niches, placed at their settlement (GeoNames) with the approximate locations. Kazakhstan: akimats of the oblasts, State Lists of Monuments of History and Culture of Local Significance (adilet.zan.kz; Almaty Region and Jetisu from their 2024 lists), official texts: kurgans, kurgan groups, kurgans with stone “moustaches”, rock art, stone statues and prehistoric burial grounds, at the lists’ own coordinates or, with the approximate locations, placed from the settlement they name. Georgia: National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia, register of immovable cultural heritage (memkvidreoba.gov.ge): cists, dolmens, menhirs, a vishap and megalithic (cyclopean) fortresses and settlements in the main record, kurgans, kurgan fields, cairns, rock art and burial grounds, and from September 28, 2026 settlement mounds and fortresses, in the layer. Andalusia: Instituto de Estadística y Cartografía de Andalucía (Junta de Andalucía), Datos Espaciales de Referencia de Andalucía, Bienes del Catálogo General del Patrimonio Histórico Andaluz (Consejería de Cultura), CC BY 4.0: dolmens, megalithic and rock-cut necropoleis, the Los Millares tholoi and rock-art shelters, with groups split into their monuments. Wikidata (CC0): protected megalithic sites in China, and tumuli, stećci and rock art found by name in Moldova, Romania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, New Zealand and elsewhere; rock-cut temples, churches and monasteries (among them Abu Simbel, the churches of Cappadocia, Matera and Tigray, Vardzia and David Gareja), rock reliefs, pyramids and ziggurats, Pictish carved stones, Scottish duns, the stepwells of India and Pakistan (stepped shafts), Maya sites in Belize and Guatemala, rock art in Nigeria, Namibia, Uganda, Chad, Djibouti, Togo, Saint Vincent, the Dominican Republic and Malaysia, the Odalmelech monolith in Palau, latte sites on Guam, Saipan and Rota, the stone-lined plazas of Caguana and Tibes in Puerto Rico, petroglyphs in French Guiana and Guadeloupe, North Macedonian mounds (mogila) in the layer, Pömmelte, Perperikon and Tatul, and ancient Egyptian obelisks, those that were moved placed at the site where they were first set up. Uzbekistan: Cabinet of Ministers, National List of immovable objects of material cultural heritage (Decision No. 846 of 2019, lex.uz), official text: rock art, kurgan groups, and from September 28, 2026 settlement mounds (tepa) and fortresses, with the approximate locations, placed at their settlement or district. Azerbaijan: Cabinet of Ministers, Decision No. 132 of 2001, lists of immovable historical and cultural monuments (e-qanun.az), official text: kurgans, stone cists, dolmens, stone circles, rock art (including the listed stones of the Gobustan reserve), burial grounds, carved stone rams, heads and figures, and from September 28, 2026 settlement mounds and fortresses, with the approximate locations, placed at their settlement. Iceland: Minjastofnun Íslands (Cultural Heritage Agency of Iceland), Fornleifaskráning, registered archaeological sites (gis.lmi.is), free reuse with credit: Viking-age graves (kuml), grave fields, cairn graves (dys) and mounds (haugur), in the layer. Poland: Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa, Ewidencja zabytków archeologicznych (dane.gov.pl), CC BY 4.0: barrows, barrow cemeteries, mounds, megalithic graves, stone circles, hillforts (grodziska) and defended settlements, placed at their village (GeoNames), or at their commune where the village could not be found, with the approximate locations. Pleiades: A Gazetteer of Past Places (pleiades.stoa.org), CC BY: tumuli, nuraghi, pyramids, ziggurats and cairns with precise locations. Japan: Wakayama Prefecture Board of Education, 和歌山県埋蔵文化財包蔵地所在地図 (BODIK open data, CC BY 4.0): kofun and shell mounds, in the layer. Japan: Gifu Prefecture Cultural Properties Protection Center, 岐阜県発掘調査遺跡マップ（R5） (Gifu open data catalog, CC BY): kofun and rock-cut tunnel tombs it excavated, at the approximate positions the map gives. From September 28, 2026: Spain (Galicia): Xunta de Galicia, Instituto de Estudos do Territorio, Plan Básico Autonómico, Catálogo do Patrimonio Cultural (IDE Galicia), CC BY-SA 4.0: mounds (mámoas), rock art, hillforts (castros), dolmens, menhirs, cists, inscribed stones, rock-cut graves, necropolises, and catalogued archaeological sites whose names give no form. Peru: Ministerio de Cultura, Geoportal, Bienes Inmuebles Prehispánicos (declared pre-Hispanic properties), by the forms their names give (huacas and mounds, chullpas, rock art, geoglyphs, fortified sites, roads, canals and terraces, rock shelters, way stations, cemeteries, walls, shell middens), and 8,206 declared sites named only by place, in their own category. Syria, Turkey and Iraq: Menze, B. H. and Ur, J. A. (2012), PNAS, site data on Harvard Dataverse, CC0: settlement mounds with a measured mound in the Upper Khabur Basin, seen by remote sensing, in their own category. Romania: the “Tumuli” layer of the national heritage map (map.cimec.ro; Institutul Național al Patrimoniului and cIMeC): unnamed points; who compiled the layer is not stated. South Korea: 국가유산청 (Korea Heritage Service), National Heritage GIS (data.go.kr 15148507): dolmens, standing stones, tumuli and royal tombs, stone-piled tombs, rock art, rock-cut reliefs, mountain fortresses and shell mounds. Japan: 千葉県教育委員会 ちば情報マップ 包蔵地 (Chiba Prefecture, CC BY) and 岡山県 埋蔵文化財 (Okayama Prefecture, PDL1.0): kofun, rock-cut tunnel tombs, mounds (tsuka) and shell mounds. Germany (Brandenburg): © Denkmaldaten/BLDAM 2026: above-ground monuments (hillforts, barrows, megalithic tombs, castle mounds, linear earthworks, stone crosses, cup-marked and standing stones). Austria: Bundesdenkmalamt, HERIS site polygons of protected barrows and barrow groups (public domain), at the centers of the polygons. French Polynesia: Tahiti Heritage (Collection Tahiti Héritage, www.tahitiheritage.pf; DIREN, TeFenua open data), used with the permission of Tahiti Heritage, records linked to their articles where the article is still on the site: marae, tiki, petroglyphs, notable stones, pā and other monuments; points the collection places at an island or commune center are shown as approximate. Hong Kong: Antiquities and Monuments Office, Sites of Archaeological Interest (DATA.GOV.HK): rock carvings, stone circles, a stone alignment, old paved trackways and sites whose entries give no form. Sub-Saharan Africa: MAEASaM (Mapping Africa’s Endangered Archaeological Sites and Monuments), University of Cambridge, public demo records, CC BY-NC-SA, not for commercial reuse. Czech Republic: barrow cemeteries on the list of cultural monuments (Národní památkový ústav, Památkový katalog, as entered in Wikidata), CC BY-NC-ND, not for commercial reuse. Iran: Wikidata items with an Iranian National Heritage number typed as tepes, mounds or tells: 117 at their own points, 7,789 placed from the register addresses in the Wiki Loves Monuments lists of Iran’s national monuments (Persian Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0) at the village the address names or, where no village could be found, at their county’s center (“county only, location very rough”), with the approximate locations. Russia: Wikidata items with a Russian heritage register number: hillforts, burial grounds, and register sites whose names give no form, sorted by what the names say. OpenStreetMap: from September 28, 2026 also ringforts, hillforts, pā, duns, brochs, crannogs, hut circles, enclosures, earthworks, cliff dwellings, necropolises, tombs, ancient cities, mottes, rune stones, khachkars and stone crosses. Sweden: from September 28, 2026 also the register’s “features that look like ancient monuments” (fornlämningsliknande lämningar), each as the apparent form its description names (apparent stone setting, apparent mound, apparent cairn and so on). Scotland: from Canmore, mottes and the find places of carved stone balls. Northern Ireland: from September 29, 2026 the whole Sites and Monuments Record (Department for Communities, Historic Environment Division, file of September 10, 2026; contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0), for the kinds Jensine put in: ringforts, souterrains, crannogs, hillforts, mottes, mounds, enclosures, cropmarks, burnt mounds, Mass rocks, bullaun stones, field systems and old walls, trackways, caves, early crosses and stones and places with a tradition; entries not located on the ground are shown at the register’s point, marked approximate. Sweden: from September 29, 2026 also the register’s grave and settlement areas (grav- och boplatsområden), each labeled from its description. Ohio, United States: Mills, William C. 1914, Archeological Atlas of Ohio, Columbus: Ohio State Archeological and Historical Society (public domain; the county maps scanned by the Internet Archive), much of it gathered earlier by Warren K. Moorehead and Lucy Allen; placed from the county maps, about 0.5 to 3 km, with the approximate locations. Japan: 茨城県「いばらきデジタルまっぷの文化財情報」埋蔵文化財包蔵地情報 (CC BY 2.1 JP); 岩手県教育委員会「いわて遺跡地図」(CC BY 4.0); ［沖縄県］県内遺跡地図、［沖縄県］、CC BY 4.0 (modified: forms read from the register and names, translated, and placed at a point inside each site area). Western Australia: Aboriginal Cultural Heritage places: Department of Planning, Lands and Heritage, Western Australia (DPLH-099), used under license (Data Licensing Agreement 141_26); extract of September 29, 2026; locations generalized to about 1 km; the register is updated daily, see data.wa.gov.au for current information. India: Sharma, D. and Sontakke, V. G. 2026, figshare doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.33078668.v1; Sharma, D. 2025, figshare doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.30639542.v1 (CC BY 4.0). Bulgaria: Sobotkova, A. and Valchev, T. 2024, Verified Burial Mounds in Yambol Province, SE Bulgaria (Tundzha Regional Archaeological Project, 2009–2022), Zenodo doi:10.5281/zenodo.14211803, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0, not for commercial reuse. Wikidata: register items from Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Kosovo and North Macedonia that have no coordinates of their own, placed at the village or municipality they name, with the approximate locations. From September 30, 2026: Ireland: the SMR open data also for enclosures, fulachtaí fia and burnt mounds, earthworks, field systems, trackways and toghers, peatland structures, moated sites, mottes, mounds, middens, clocháns and booley huts, caves, crosses, Mass rocks and Mass sites, bullaun stones and places with a tradition; records the SMR gives no point for are placed at their townland or county, with the approximate locations. Scotland: Canmore also for enclosures, field systems, cairns and cairnfields, hut circles and shielings, burnt mounds, earthworks, mounds, ring ditches, trackways, caves, middens and crosses; places Canmore locates only to 1 km or generally are with the approximate locations. England and Wales: scheduled monuments also for hillforts, moated sites, earthworks and dykes, enclosures, hut circles, mottes, field systems and trackways (© Historic England 2026, National Heritage List for England; Cadw; Open Government Licence v3.0). Worldwide: GeoNames (geonames.org), CC BY 4.0: places coded as archaeological or prehistoric sites, cairns, forts, mounds, ancient walls and roads and pyramids, graves named as kurgans or mounds, nuraghi, ruins named Khirbat, Tell, Qasr and the like, and three painted caves; GeoNames gives no dates, and names are as GeoNames has them. From September 30, 2026, settlements of any age: places the registers call settlements, occupation or habitation sites (Canmore; Historic England and Cadw; the Irish and Northern Irish Sites and Monuments Records; Okayama Prefecture’s “scatter or settlement” (散布地・集落) and Chiba Prefecture’s settlement sites (集落跡); the Khabur Basin survey’s flat sites; Wikidata for Russia; and MAEASaM, map only), each under the register’s own words. From September 30, 2026 also: Ireland’s ecclesiastical enclosures (SMR). Finland: Museovirasto, muinaisjäännösrekisteri (CC BY 4.0), the protected sites of the kinds in the Survey, with settlements, and from the researcher package the possible, removed and field-unchecked sites, each so noted. Saudi Arabia and Mongolia: Wasfy, T. (2026), Zenodo records 20470339, 20859575, 20753669, 20563348, 20750300 and 20723970 (CC BY 4.0): candidates detected by software in satellite imagery, only those with confidence 0.75 or more and those the author reviewed; machine-detected, not confirmed. Türkiye: Aslan (2025), Eastern Anatolian Highlands archaeological sites, Journal of Open Archaeology Data (CC BY 4.0). Israel and Palestine: Villages to Empires, South Levant sites, University of Turin (2025), Zenodo 17285091 (CC BY 4.0). Cyprus: Crawford, C. and Vella, C. (2022), Cyprus Settlement Database, Zenodo 7271681 (CC BY 4.0). Mexico: Fuente: INEGI, Conjunto de datos topográficos escala 1:50 000 (2025), rasgos arqueológicos (Términos de Libre Uso de la Información del INEGI). Britain and Ireland: Lock, G. and Ralston, I. (2017), Atlas of Hillforts of Britain and Ireland, hillforts.arch.ox.ac.uk (CC BY-SA 4.0). Saudi Arabia and Jordan: EAMENA, Western Nafud archaeological landscapes (Zenodo, CC BY 4.0), locations generalized to about 1 km. Southern Africa: SASSI v3.2, Southern African Stone Age Site Index (CC BY 4.0). Radiocarbon-dated sites: XRONOS, Zenodo 14850157, dump of February 11, 2025 (CC BY 4.0), one point per site with its dates as given (uncalibrated); p3k14c, Bird, D. et al. (2022), Scientific Data 9: 27, public version in the p3k14c R package, release 2025.07 (no data license stated), folded into its XRONOS pairs and credited; radio-rian, Reid, C. (2026), v0.9.0, Zenodo 21760647 (CC BY 4.0), after R. M. Chapple’s Catalogue of Radiocarbon Determinations & Dendrochronology Dates. Where a dated site lies within 100 m of a place already on the map, that place carries the credit and a line on the dates. Estonia: Sikk, K., Kriiska, A., Johanson, K., Sander, K. and Vindi, A. (2020), Stone Age settlement sites of Estonia, Zenodo 3775415 (CC BY 4.0). Switzerland: Archäologisches Inventar © Amt für Kultur des Kantons Bern. Saudi Arabia: Alshami, A. (2026), Harrat Khaybar inventory, Zenodo 20416101 (CC BY 4.0). Amazonia: Walker, R. S. et al. (2023), PeerJ 11: e15137, Zenodo 7651334. Geoglyphs, hill figures and turf mazes: OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) and Wikidata (CC0). Central Europe: Vondrovský, V. et al. (2026), Neolithic rondel enclosures in Central Europe, Zenodo 20701415 (CC BY 4.0), with the authors’ NRE-like or potential enclosures, so marked. Levant: Gwiazda, M. (2020), Dataset of Syro-Palestinian chamber tombs, Zenodo 4156221 (CC BY 4.0); tombs the catalog places at one point are one record. China: Hosner, D., Wagner, M., Tarasov, P. E., Chen, X. and Leipe, C. (2016), Archaeological sites in China during the Neolithic and Bronze Age, PANGAEA, doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.860072 (CC BY 3.0); positions digitized from the printed Atlas of Chinese Cultural Relics. Chad: Nankara, C. and Ndigmbayel, R. U. (2019), “Les vestiges du BET,” European Journal of Education Studies 6(6), doi:10.5281/zenodo.3756235 (CC BY 4.0). Indonesia (West Sumatra): Noranda, A. et al. (2026), Archaeology Remains in West Sumatra Indonesia, Mendeley Data, doi:10.17632/8mhhvv4n74.3 (CC BY 4.0). Germany (Thuringia): Thuringian State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology (https://ror.org/0070z0z95). Amazonia: Peripato, V. et al. (2023), “More than 10,000 pre-Columbian earthworks are still hidden throughout Amazonia,” Science 382: 103–109, data Zenodo doi:10.5281/zenodo.7750985. Amazonia: Jacobs, J. Q., Amazon Geoglyphs, Mendeley Data, doi:10.17632/5ynjwk7gc7.1 (CC BY 4.0). Worldwide: Kwok, R. and Peters, M. (2020), Archaeological Atlas of Published Excavations, Harvard Dataverse doi:10.7910/DVN/7MYVV7 (CC0); structures within a site are folded into one point per site, and locations the atlas knows only to within a few square kilometers are in the approximate layer. Mediterranean and beyond: Fasti Online, International Association for Classical Archaeology (AIAC), via ARIADNE (CC BY-SA 4.0), with links to each season’s page. Round 67 (October 2, 2026): Sparavigna 2025 (Mendeley Data, CC BY 4.0); de Souza et al. 2018, Nature Communications (CC BY 4.0); Nielsen and Johannsen 2026 (Zenodo, CC BY 4.0); Vermeersch 2020, RPED v26 (Mendeley Data, CC BY 4.0); Nincheri and Biancalani 2026 (Zenodo, CC BY 4.0); Pushkarev and Aitkali 2026 (Mendeley Data, CC BY 4.0); Sánchez Borjas and Ghezzi Solis 2025 and Solis Quinteros 2019 (Zenodo, CC BY 4.0); Birkenfeld et al. 2026, Pereira et al. 2023 and d’Errico et al. 2025, PLOS ONE (CC BY 4.0); Altaweel 2015 (PANGAEA, CC BY 3.0); Pérez-Cárdenas et al. 2024 (PANGAEA, CC BY 4.0); Titolo 2021 (Zenodo, CC BY 4.0); Carrero-Pazos et al. 2019, Tóth et al. 2019, Cobos 2026, Rademaker 2024, Bampi et al. 2022, Ševčík 2021 and Figueiredo and Monteiro 2025 (Mendeley Data, CC BY 4.0); Abbas, Toraskar and Hawkes, Vidarbha 2016 survey (Zenodo, CC BY 4.0). Egypt and Libya: Laguna-Palma, Database of northeastern African archaeological and heritage sites (Marmarica, PERAIA project, Zenodo 2022, CC BY 4.0), burial places and settlements. Russia: Wiki Loves Monuments heritage lists for Russia on Russian Wikivoyage (“Культурное наследие России”), archaeological monuments, via the heritage database at heritage.toolforge.org (CC BY-SA 4.0); those listed without coordinates are in the approximate layer at their village (GeoNames, CC BY 4.0) or, where the village could not be found, at the middle of their district. Greenland: Nunniffiit, the register of ancient monuments and sites of Nunatta Katersugaasivia Allagaateqarfialu (Greenland National Museum & Archives), from its public map service on NunaGIS, used with the Museum’s permission; Norse ruins left out. Colombia: Instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia (ICANH), Atlas Arqueológico de Colombia, register of archaeological sites, via datos.gov.co (CC BY-SA 4.0). Central Africa: Seidensticker, Hubau and Jungnickel, aDRAC, Archive des datations radiocarbones d’Afrique centrale (ODbL). Lower Saxony: Niedersächsisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege, Verzeichnis der Kulturdenkmale, archaeological monuments preserved above ground (CC BY-SA 4.0). Brandenburg: Landkreis Spree-Neiße, Untere Denkmalschutzbehörde, Bodendenkmale (public map service; no license stated). Europe and the Mediterranean: Vici.org, archaeological atlas of antiquity, places dated before the Common Era, with links to their pages (metadata CC0). Italy (Central Po Plain): Brandolini, F. (2019), Harvard Dataverse doi:10.7910/DVN/JSYZ3H (CC0). World Heritage properties and components: Wikidata (CC0), archaeological kinds only. Records of one monument that came in from different sources under the same name are merged. Settlement locations from GeoNames (geonames.org), CC BY 4.0. Register entries whose settlement could not be found are placed at their district (or, in Armenia and a few other cases, their province), from GeoNames, and their notes say so. Approximate locations: Müller, J., Kruckenberg, C., Großmann, R. and Luckner, J. (2023), “A Map of European Megaliths,” Journal of Neolithic Archaeology 25: 165–173, doi 10.12766/jna.2023.6, Supplement 3 (CC BY 4.0, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); only points more than 5 km from any Survey record of a comparable form are shown (Denmark, Ireland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom left out), their types mapped to Survey categories, and points the source places at one spot grouped. Land outlines: Natural Earth (public domain). Coordinates marked approximate are approximate; do not quote a distance between two sites to better than the coarser of the two.
Everything here is provisional. Every count is a floor, not a ceiling.
Formerly the Megalith Survey. “Ancient monument” is used here in its everyday sense, for monuments of the ancient and early past. It should not be confused with the legal meaning of “ancient monument” in the United Kingdom, where the term refers to monuments protected by law.